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These are pretty strict limitations, so it was not clear that excess memory could ever prove effective. However, by surprise them, Buhman and Cleve showed that if you tweeted the bits in the right way, you can really get extra counting from the whole memory.
“It was a shocked for everyone,” Luff said, who was a graduate student in the group of Buhman at that time, working on memory question with his classmate student Florian SpillmanThe The team has soon expanded the result to a larger class problem and has been published The result of their combined In 2014
They borrowed a word from chemistry and named the new framework catalyst computing. “Without catalyst, the response could not proceed,” said Raghunath TeworyKanpur is a complex theoretical of the Indian Institute of Technology. “But the catalyst itself remains unchanged.”
Not too far from the tree
A small band of researchers continues to develop more catalyzing computing, but no one has even tried to apply it for a tree evaluation problem that initially inspired the search for a cow. For this problem, the remaining open question was whether a small amount of memory can be used for simultaneous storage and calculations. However, the catalyst computing techniques depend on the extra, full memory. Shrink those memories and techniques and no longer work.
Nevertheless, a young researcher could not help to consider whether there was any way to adapt to those techniques to re -use the memory of the algorithm. Was his name James CookAnd the evaluation problem of the tree for him was private: Stephen Cook, the theoretical of the legendary complex, who discovered it was his father. James even worked on it in a graduate school, though he was mostly concentrated on Related subjectThe After he faced the main catalyst computing paper on the 21st, James was leaving academia for graduation and software engineering. Even when he was settled in his new job, he continued to think about the catalyst computing.
“I had to understand it and see what could be done,” he said.
For years, James Cook tinked with the catalyst for the evaluation problem of the tree in his extra time. He had a discussion about his progress in a symposium of 2019 in honor of his father Groundbreaking job Theory of complexity. After the discussion, his name was contacted to a graduate student Ian MartzWho fell in love with the catalyst computing after learning as an impressed young undergrade about it five years ago.
“It was like a scene of a baby’s bird,” said Martz.
Photographs: Stepan Grosser/Quanta Magazine
Cook and Martz joined the forces and their efforts soon stopped. In 2020, they made An algorithm It has solved tree evaluation problems with less memory than the minimum needed by Elder Cook and McNezi – though it was simply under this quarter. Nevertheless, it was enough to collect $ 100; For convenient cooking, half of it remains in the family.
However, there was still work to work. Researchers started studying tree evaluation because it seemed that it could finally provide an example of a problem in P that is not in L -in other words, relatively simple problems that cannot be solved using very little memories. Cook and Martz’s new method used less memory than any other tree assessment, but it still used significantly more than any algorithm for the El Tree evaluation problem, but was not out.
In 2023, Cook and Martz brought up one Advanced algorithm It has used a lot of memories – more than the maximum allowed for LL’s problem. Many researchers now suspect that the evaluation of the tree is above L of L. and a proof is just a matter of time. Complexity theorists may require a separate approach to the P. vs L problem.
এদিকে, কুক এবং মার্টজের ফলাফলগুলি অনুঘটক কম্পিউটিংয়ের প্রতি আগ্রহ প্রকাশ করেছে, নতুন কাজগুলি অন্বেষণ সহ Random connection And the effect of giving a permit Few Wrong To reset the whole memory to its original condition.
“We didn’t finish exploring what we could do with these new strategies,” Mchenji said. “We can expect more surprises.”
Real story Re -printed with permission How many magazines, An editorially independent publishing Simon’s Foundation Whose aim is to increase the public understanding of the science of mathematics and the development of the research of physical and life science and covering the trends.